Express.js templating Engines
Templating engines are an essential part of web development, enabling developers to generate dynamic HTML content on the server side. In this chapter, we will explore various templating engines in Express.js, starting from the basics and moving towards more advanced concepts. We will cover popular templating engines such as Pug, EJS, and Handlebars, providing detailed explanations, code examples, and output descriptions.
Bonus💡: Practical example at the end of article
Introduction to Templating Engines
Templating engines allow you to embed code within your HTML, making it possible to generate dynamic content. They are useful for:
- Separating HTML structure from application logic.
- Reusing templates across different parts of your application.
- Making your code cleaner and more maintainable.
Setting Up Express.js for Templating
Before using any templating engine, you need to set up an Express.js project.
Basic Setup
1.Create a new project directory and initialize a Node.js project:
mkdir templating-example
cd templating-example
npm init -y
2. Install Express.js:
npm install express
3. Create an index.js file and set up a basic Express server:
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
Using Pug Templating Engine
Installation and Setup
1. Install Pug:
npm install pug
2. Set Pug as the templating engine in your Express app:
app.set('view engine', 'pug');
app.set('views', './views');
Basic Syntax and Features
Create a simple Pug template file in the views directory named index.pug:
doctype html
html
head
title= title
body
h1= message
Modify index.js to render this template:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'Pug Example', message: 'Hello from Pug!' });
});
Explanation:
doctype html: Defines the document type.html,head,title,body,h1: HTML elements.title= title,h1= message: Injecting dynamic content using Pug syntax.
Output: When you visit http://localhost:3000, you will see:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Pug Example</title>
</head>
<body>
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</html>
Advanced Features
Conditionals and Loops:
doctype html
html
head
title= title
body
if user
h1 Welcome, #{user}!
else
h1 Welcome, Guest!
ul
each item in items
li= item
Modify index.js:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', {
title: 'Pug Example',
user: 'Alice',
items: ['Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3']
});
});
Output :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Pug Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome, Alice!</h1>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" 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</html>
Using EJS Templating Engine
Installation and Setup
1.Install EJS:
npm install ejs
2.Set EJS as the templating engine in your Express app:
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
app.set('views', './views');
Basic Syntax and Features
Create a simple EJS template file in the views directory named index.ejs:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><%= title %></title>
</head>
<body>
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</html>
Modify index.js to render this template:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'EJS Example', message: 'Hello from EJS!' });
});
Explanation:
<%= title %>and<%= message %>: Injecting dynamic content using EJS syntax.
Output: When you visit http://localhost:3000, you will see:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>EJS Example</title>
</head>
<body>
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</html>
Modify index.js:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', {
title: 'EJS Example',
user: 'Alice',
items: ['Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3']
});
});
Output:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>EJS Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome, Alice!</h1>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
</ul> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" 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</html>
Using Handlebars Templating Engine
Installation and Setup
1.Install Handlebars and its Express integration:
npm install hbs
2.Set Handlebars as the templating engine in your Express app:
app.set('view engine', 'hbs');
app.set('views', './views');
Basic Syntax and Features
Create a simple Handlebars template file in the views directory named index.hbs:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>{{title}}</title>
</head>
<body>
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</html>
Modify index.js to render this template:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'Handlebars Example', message: 'Hello from Handlebars!' });
});
Explanation:
{{title}}and{{message}}: Injecting dynamic content using Handlebars syntax.
Output: When you visit http://localhost:3000, you will see:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Handlebars Example</title>
</head>
<body>
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</html>
Advanced Features
Conditionals and Loops:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>{{title}}</title>
</head>
<body>
{{#if user}}
<h1>Welcome, {{user}}!</h1>
{{else}}
<h1>Welcome, Guest!</h1>
{{/if}}
<ul>
{{#each items}}
<li>{{this}}</li>
{{/each}}
</ul> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" 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</html>
Modify index.js:
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', {
title: 'Handlebars Example',
user: 'Alice',
items: ['Item 1', 'Item 2', 'Item 3']
});
});
Output:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Handlebars Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome, Alice!</h1>
<ul>
<li>Item 1</li>
<li>Item 2</li>
<li>Item 3</li>
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Comparing Templating Engines
Syntax and Usability
- Pug: Known for its clean and minimal syntax. It avoids using HTML tags directly, making templates shorter and more readable.
- EJS: Uses regular HTML with embedded JavaScript. It is straightforward and easy to learn for those familiar with HTML and JavaScript.
- Handlebars: Uses a Mustache-like syntax with double curly braces for variable interpolation. It is simple and highly readable.
Performance
All three templating engines are performant, but there might be slight differences depending on the complexity of the templates and the nature of the application. Generally, the performance differences are negligible for most use cases.
Community and Ecosystem
- Pug: Has a strong community and a good number of plugins and integrations.
- EJS: Very popular and has extensive documentation and community support.
- Handlebars: Also widely used with a robust ecosystem of helpers and extensions.
Partials in EJS
Note : Same can be done in other templating engines as well.
Partials in EJS allow you to reuse pieces of your HTML code across different templates, which helps to keep your code DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself). Common use cases for partials include headers, footers, and navigation bars.
Create the Project Structure
First, let’s set up our project structure:
templating-example/
├── views/
│ ├── partials/
│ │ ├── header.ejs
│ │ ├── footer.ejs
│ ├── index.ejs
├── index.js
├── package.json
Install EJS
Ensure EJS is installed:
npm install ejs
Set Up the Express App
Modify index.js to configure EJS as the templating engine and set up routes to render the templates:
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'EJS Partials Example', message: 'Hello from EJS with Partials!' });
});
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
Create Header Partial
Create a file named header.ejs in the views/partials directory:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><%= title %></title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>My Website Header</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
Create Footer Partial
Create a file named footer.ejs in the views/partials directory:
<footer>
<p>© 2024 My Website</p>
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</html>
Use Partials in Main Template
Modify the main template index.ejs to include the header and footer partials:
<%- include('partials/header') %>
<main>
<h2><%= message %></h2>
<p>Welcome to our website. This content is dynamic and rendered with EJS.</p>
</main>
<%- include('partials/footer') %>
Explanation:
<%- include('partials/header') %>: Includes the header partial in the template. The<%-syntax is used to include the raw output of the partial without escaping.<%- include('partials/footer') %>: Includes the footer partial in the template.
Running the Application
Start the server:
node index.js
Visit http://localhost:3000 in your browser. You should see a page with the header, main content, and footer.
Output:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>EJS Partials Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>My Website Header</h1>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/about">About</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<main>
<h2>Hello from EJS with Partials!</h2>
<p>Welcome to our website. This content is dynamic and rendered with EJS.</p>
</main>
<footer>
<p>© 2024 My Website</p>
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</html>
Full Example Code
Pug Example
index.js
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.set('view engine', 'pug');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'Pug Example', message: 'Hello from Pug!' });
});
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
views/index.pug
doctype html
html
head
title= title
body
h1= message
EJS Example
index.js
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'EJS Example', message: 'Hello from EJS!' });
});
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
views/index.ejs
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title><%= title %></title>
</head>
<body>
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Handlebars Example
index.js
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const port = 3000;
app.set('view engine', 'hbs');
app.set('views', './views');
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.render('index', { title: 'Handlebars Example', message: 'Hello from Handlebars!' });
});
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:${port}`);
});
views/index.hbs
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>{{title}}</title>
</head>
<body>
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In this chapter, we explored various templating engines used with Express.js, including Pug, EJS, and Handlebars. We started with the basics of setting up an Express.js project and then delved into the installation, setup, basic syntax, and advanced features of each templating engine. By comparing the different engines, we highlighted their unique features, strengths, and suitable use cases.Happy coding !❤️