XSL Transformation (XSLT)
XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a powerful XML-based language used for transforming XML documents into other formats such as HTML, plain text, or even other XML structures. It allows you to define templates that match parts of an XML document and specify how to convert them into a desired output format.
Basic Structure of XSLT
An XSLT document typically contains:
- Stylesheet Declaration: The document starts with an XML declaration followed by the XSLT stylesheet.
- Template Rules: Each template rule defines how a specific part of the XML input should be transformed.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
</xsl:stylesheet>
XSLT Core Concepts
Match Attribute
The match attribute defines which elements in the source XML will be transformed by the template.
Value-of Element
The <xsl:value-of> element selects the value of an XML element or attribute and inserts it into the output.
Example: Transforming XML to HTML
Let’s say you have the following XML:
<bookstore>
<book>
<title>XML Developer's Guide</title>
<author>Author Name</author>
<price>44.95</price>
</book>
<book>
<title>Learn XSLT</title>
<author>Another Author</author>
<price>39.95</price>
</book>
</bookstore>
We will transform this into an HTML table using XSLT.
XSLT Code
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template match="/bookstore">
<html>
<body>
<h2>Bookstore</h2>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Author</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="book">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="author"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="price"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
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</xsl:stylesheet>
Output
When you run this transformation on the XML file, you’ll get the following HTML output:
<html>
<body>
<h2>Bookstore</h2>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Author</th>
<th>Price</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XML Developer's Guide</td>
<td>Author Name</td>
<td>44.95</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Learn XSLT</td>
<td>Another Author</td>
<td>39.95</td>
</tr>
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Advanced Concepts in XSLT
XSLT Variables
You can define variables using <xsl:variable> to store values and reuse them later in the transformation.
Example:
<xsl:variable name="discountedPrice" select="price * 0.9"/>
This creates a variable called discountedPrice that holds the price with a 10% discount.
Conditional Statements
You can use the <xsl:if> and <xsl:choose> elements for conditional logic.
<xsl:if>Example:
<xsl:if test="price > 40">
<p>This book is expensive.</p>
</xsl:if>
<xsl:choose>Example:
<xsl:choose>
<xsl:when test="price > 40">
<p>This book is expensive.</p>
</xsl:when>
<xsl:otherwise>
<p>This book is affordable.</p>
</xsl:otherwise>
</xsl:choose>
Using Templates
Templates allow you to break down the transformation logic into reusable components.
Example
<xsl:template match="book">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="author"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="price"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:template>
You can invoke this template using <xsl:apply-templates select="book"/>.
Sorting Data
XSLT allows you to sort elements using the <xsl:sort> element within a for-each or apply-templates.
Example
<xsl:for-each select="book">
<xsl:sort select="price" order="ascending"/>
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="price"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
This will sort the books by price in ascending order.
XSLT is a versatile tool for transforming XML documents into various output formats, from HTML to plain text. With its ability to match, filter, and transform data, it serves as a critical tool for developers working with XML.This guide has covered the basics to advanced XSLT concepts, including templates, variables, and sorting mechanisms. By mastering these features, you can efficiently transform and present XML data in any desired format without referring to other sources. Happy coding !❤️