HTML Forms with JavaScript
Forms are a critical part of any interactive website. HTML forms enable user input for tasks such as signing up for accounts, searching for content, and submitting feedback. JavaScript enhances HTML forms by enabling dynamic validation, conditional formatting, and interactive form controls, which can improve the user experience and increase form completion accuracy.
In this chapter, we’ll cover everything about creating, handling, and validating HTML forms using JavaScript, moving from basic to advanced concepts. By the end, you’ll have a thorough understanding of how to build effective, user-friendly, and interactive forms.
Basic Structure of an HTML Form
An HTML form generally consists of various input fields (such as text, radio buttons, checkboxes), labels, a submit button, and sometimes additional elements like file uploads and dropdowns.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Basic HTML Form</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="userForm">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
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</html>
Explanation
<form>is the main container for all form elements.- Each
<label>element is associated with an input field, identified by theforattribute. type="text"creates a text input for username, andtype="email"specifies an input for email.requiredis an HTML5 attribute that mandates input before the form is submitted.
Output
This form will display as a simple set of input fields with labels and a submit button. If you try to submit the form without filling in the required fields, the browser will display a validation message.
JavaScript Form Validation
JavaScript enables form validation before submission to avoid unnecessary form submissions with incorrect or incomplete data. Here, we’ll add some validation to the previous example.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Form with JavaScript Validation</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="userForm">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username">
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email">
<button type="button" onclick="validateForm()">Submit</button>
</form> <script type="litespeed/javascript">function validateForm(){var username=document.getElementById("username").value;var email=document.getElementById("email").value;if(username===""){alert("Username cannot be empty");return!1}
if(email===""){alert("Email cannot be empty");return!1}
alert("Form Submitted Successfully!");return!0}</script> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" 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</html>
Explanation
validateForm()checks if the username or email field is empty.- If either field is empty, an alert is shown, and form submission is prevented.
onclick="validateForm()"triggers the validation function on button click.
Output
This code prompts alerts if any required field is left blank, ensuring the form is filled out before submission.
JavaScript Event Listeners in Forms
Adding event listeners in JavaScript enables real-time interaction, such as displaying hints, validation messages, or formatting inputs.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Form with Event Listeners</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="userForm">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username">
<span id="usernameHint"></span>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email">
<span id="emailHint"></span>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
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</html>
Explanation
addEventListener("input", ...)listens to theinputevent, triggered whenever the user types into a field.- For the
usernamefield, a hint is displayed if the length is less than three characters. - For the
emailfield, a hint is shown if@is missing.
Output
As users type, the form provides feedback in real-time, helping them correct inputs as they go.
Handling Form Submission with JavaScript
JavaScript can prevent a form’s default submission behavior and handle submission with custom logic.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Form Submission Handling</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="userForm">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
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</html>
Explanation
event.preventDefault()prevents the form’s default submission action.- Custom logic can then be used to handle the data, such as displaying an alert or sending data to an API.
Output
Upon submission, an alert displays the form data, instead of the form being sent to a server.
Form Validation with Regular Expressions
Using regular expressions (regex), JavaScript can perform more complex validation patterns.
Example
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<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Form Validation with Regex</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="userForm">
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
<button type="button" onclick="validateEmail()">Submit</button>
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Explanation
- The regular expression checks if the email follows a standard format.
- If the email doesn’t match the pattern, an alert informs the user.
Output
An alert appears indicating whether the email entered is valid based on the regex pattern.
This chapter introduced creating, validating, and enhancing HTML forms with JavaScript. JavaScript enhances form interactivity and improves user experience with real-time validation, event handling, and conditional logic. With JavaScript, you can customize forms to match any project’s needs, ensuring data accuracy and user satisfaction. Happy coding !❤️